Munroe, Alexandra. "Morphology of Revenge: The Yomiuri Indépendant Artists and Social Protest Tendencies in the 1960s." Japanese Art after 1945: Scream Against the Sky. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994. 149-163. The author Alexandra Munroe illustrated the postwar culture of Japan during the 1960s that shaped the country for years to come. The author explained how the Yomiuri Indépendant artists had come out of a creative outburst of anarchistic, subversive, and riotous tendencies in the history of modern Japanese culture. The author illustrated how this new post-war generation was faced with the task of rebuilding Japanese modern identity from the ruins of its post-atomic history. As a result, Munroe indicated that the quest for self-identity, reflecting a preoccupation with overt self-expression that was central to Japanese avant-garde culture of the sixties. The Yomiuri Indépendant Exhibitions (Yomiuri andepandan-ten) used media as a way to make art into an event, and as an expression of the counterculture unique to their Japanese generation. Munroe, then, presented the 1960 ANPO crisis, focusing on the complex relationship between Japan and America in terms of democracy and imperialism, international culture and gross materialism. Munroe reviewed the history behind the 1960 ANPO in order to exemplify not only the extreme crisis that was brewing among politicians and the military but also the fear of over Americanization throughout the new generation. In the second section of the article, Munroe presented the Yomiuri Indépendant Groups as a reaction against and a transformation of the dominant avant-garde practices of postwar Japanese art. The art was therefore no longer aesthetically pleasing, not technically skillful, and not complacent in any way. In conclusion, Munroe illustrated the Yomiuri Indépendant artists, who, having risen out of a defeated and collapsed society, reflected the Japanese psyche of "absolute loss and absolute freedom." Munroe expressed Japan's struggle to redefine their identities so that they could move away from their heavy past and towards self-expression and the expression of realities of the everyday Japan. Hilary Amoss